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  | Catalogues for 2003/04 | for UGs | for PGs

 

 

 

Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Unit Catalogue 2003/04

PA10001: Introduction to medicinal & biological chemistry (Medicinal & biological chemistry 1)

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
After taking this unit you must take PA10008


Aims & Learning Objectives:
1. To familiarise the student with:
a) the fundamental principles of atomic structure molecular and intermolecular bonding and functional group recognition.
b) the principles of reaction mechanisms in organic and biochemical systems.
2. To illustrate the importance of the 3-dimensional structure in medicinal and biological chemistry.
After taking this course the student should be able to:
a) Demonstrate an understanding of the factors which affect the 3-dimensional shape of molecules.
b) Identify common functional groups and write suitable reaction mechanisms for their interconversion.
c) Recognise structural features responsible for acidity, basicity, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonding.
d) Assign appropriate stereochemical descriptions to organic and biological molecules.
Content:
The topics included in this unit include atomic structure and hybridisation with its implications for molecular geometry. Intramolecular covalent bonding. Intermolecular weak bonding; origins and relevance to ligand/receptor and substrate/enzyme binding. Structural factors that affect reactivity. Survey of functional groups and their interconversion at a mechanistic level. Stereochemistry in organic and biological molecules. Central role of the carbonyl group in chemistry and biochemistry.


PA10003: Cell biology 1 (Cells & their organisation)

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the student to the organisation of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, and to introduce the basic theory and practice of microbiology. After taking this course, the student should be able to
(a) demonstrate an understanding of cell structure and function to a level sufficient to enter further cell biology, microbiology and pharmacology units, and
(b) carry out basic techniques in microbiology competently and safely.
Content:
An outline of cellular organisation, structure and function of major organelles and membranes in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. Subcellular fractionation. Molecular components of cells: sugars, polysaccharides, glycogen, fatty acids, lipids, phospholipids, aminoacids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids. Introduction to microbiology: basic nomenclature, Gram-positive and -negative envelopes, peptidoglycan, endospores, microbial nutrition. Introduction to bacterial viruses.

PA10004: Instrumental analysis 1

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
After taking this unit you must take PA10012

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the student to instrumental analytical methods used in a pharmaceutical context and their bases in theory. After taking this course, the student should be able to:
(a) demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical backgrounds to thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography and infrared, ultraviolet and visible, fluorescence, flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, and of their scope and limitations,
(b) demonstrate a familiarity with the forms in which data from the above techniques are presented, the relevant units, constants and parameters,
(c) perform necessary calculations and data manipulations for the interpretation of results.
Content:
Thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoretic methods. General principles of spectroscopy, vibrational and electronic types of spectroscopy.

PA10005: Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
In conjunction with Physico-chemical properties of drugs 2, to introduce students to the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs and allied entities. To explain how these are relevant to their in vivo actions, their analytical quantification in medicines and biological fluids and in the design of medicinal products. To provide a practical training in measurement of physico-chemical characteristics. After taking the unit, the student should be able to:
a) correctly derive formulation masses and concentrations,
b) demonstrate an understanding of the differences and similarities in real and ideal behaviour of drugs and, when the two can be approximated,
c) demonstrate a sound appreciation of the solution properties of drugs and the impact of pH and other vehicle variants on their values, and
d) demonstrate an understanding of the processes of passive drug transport and the role of solution thermodynamics in pharmaceutical science.
Content:
Ideal and real behaviour of drugs in the gaseous, liquid and solid state. Gas-liquid equilibria. Drug polarity and functional group effects. Crystal structure and polymorphism. Solvents and solute-solvent interactions. Concepts of activity, pH and its determination, pKw. Acid-base equilibria, pH/drug dissociation profiles, buffers.

PA10006: Study skills & computer use

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW50ES50
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To outline the importance of personal development planning and continuing professional development, and to develop means to extract information from facilities for self-guided study. After taking this unit, the student should be able to organise effective notes; demonstrate use of library and appropriate computing facilities in the University to research and to write essays in scientific style; calculate basic statistical distributions and summarise data.
Content:
Key skills including effective study and note taking. Continuing professional development. Introduction to University computer facilities. The PC environment. Use of electronic communications, the library and bibliographic searches. Basic word-processing and spreadsheet use. Statistical distributions, calculation of mean, median, variance, regression. Use of statistical software. Directed essay writing.

PA10007: Introduction to analysis & measurement

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: PR100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the student to the role of analysis in the pharmaceutical sciences and to important general concepts in analysis. To make the student aware of safe laboratory conduct and familiar with basic manipulative skills using volumetric analysis as the major vehicle. To familiarise the student with the various types of titrimetric methods and their application to the analysis of pharmaceuticals. After taking this course the student should be able to:
(a) work safely in a chemistry laboratory,
(b) weigh out chemicals and prepare solutions of appropriate concentrations and interconvert between different units of concentration,
(c) perform a volumetric analysis accurately
(d) write a simple report of a titrimetric analysis, and
(e) describe the application of titrimetric methods to pharmaceutical analysis.
Content:
Analytical techniques in Pharmacy. The concept of quantitative analysis based upon a procedure having a response which is linear with respect to concentration. Accuracy, precision, sensitivity and sources of error. Weighing, use of volumetric glassware, burettes, pipettes and Gilson pipettes in the preparation of solutions and dilutions. Chemical bases of volumetric analyses. Use of titrimetric methods for the analysis of pharmaceutical materials.

PA10008: Introduction to medicinal & biological chemistry (Medicinal & biological chemistry 2)

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA10001

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The course aims to introduce the student to
a) the fundamental structure and biological function of amino acids and peptides and relate enzyme catalysed processes to organic reaction mechanisms seen in semester 1,
b) the structure and reactions of naturally occurring carbohydrates and polysaccharides
c) the concepts of aromaticity in organic molecules and relate this to their chemical behaviour and biological properties.
At the end of the unit the student should be able to describe the properties of amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and present the rationale for how macromolecules derived from them maintain their in vivo structures. They should be able to describe the reaction between an enzyme and its substrate in term of electrophilic and nucleophilic reation mechanisms.
Content:
Topics include the structure classification biosynthetic origins and biochemical roles of amino acids. The nature of the peptide bond and the nature of the forces which maintain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. The structure of the monosaccharides. The role of the glycosidic bond in polysaccharide formation and the biological role of these molecules. Aromatic compounds, the nature of aromaticity and the occurrence and role of aromatic nuclei in drug molecules.

PA10009: Spectra & structures (Medicinal & biological chemistry 3)

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX80CW20
Requisites:
While taking this unit you must take PA10008

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds. To introduce the student to the use of spectroscopic data in organic chemical structure elucidation. After completing this unit the student should be able to use proton NMR, MS and IR spectra to determine the chemical structure of simple organic compounds.
Content:
The lecture course and workshop sessions in spectroscopy provide an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and demonstrate how these techniques, along with infra-red spectra, can give access to molecular structure of organic compounds. The lecture course on heterocycles examines the concepts of aromaticity in such compounds, building on ideas in PA10008, and surveys a number of medicinally important polycyclic and heterocyclic structures.

PA10010: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 2 (General pharmacology)

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take XX10045

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the student to general aspects of pharmacology and receptor theory. After completing this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of
(a) the principles underlying the fate of a drug molecule following administration, and
(b) the concept of a receptor as defined by classical pharmacological means.
Content:
Routes of drug administration, drug absorption and distribution, An introduction to drug metabolism and excretion, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions; Receptor theory, agonists, antagonists, measurements of potency, pA2; Examples of the above taken from blood and respiratory pharmacology.

PA10011: Cell biology 2 (Introduction to biochemistry)

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA10003

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with the biochemistry of protein function, energy metabolism, DNA replication, transcription and translation, and to introduce basic concepts of recombinant DNA technology. To introduce practical techniques related to protein determination and enzyme activity. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of fundamental biochemical processes sufficient to enter further units in cell biology, microbiology and pharmacology.
Content:
Protein function, reactive groups, enzymes, allostery, protein fractionation and analysis. Energy metabolism, carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation. DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis. Introduction to recombinant DNA techniques.

PA10012: Instrumental analysis 2

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX50PR50
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA10004

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To give the student practical experience of using a variety of analytical instruments in exploring selected pharmaceutical applications. To develop the student's ability to draw appropriate conclusions from experimental data. After taking this course, the student should be able to:
(a) follow written and verbal instructions in using simple analytical instruments;
(b) demonstrate a familiarity with the forms in which data are presented, the relevant units, constants and parameters;
(c) perform necessary calculations and data manipulations for the interpretation of results;
(d) draw appropriate conclusions on the basis of experimental data;
(e) present a short oral account of a practical experiment.
Content:
Thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography, vibrational and electronic types of spectroscopy.

PA10013: Physico-chemical properties of drugs 2

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
In conjunction with Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1, to introduce students to the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs and allied entities. To explain how these are relevant to their in vivo actions, their analytical quantification in medicines and biological fluids and in the design of medicinal products. To provide a practical training in measurement of physico-chemical characteristics. After taking the unit, the student should be able to:
a) correctly derive formulation masses and concentrations;
b) demonstrate an understanding of the differences and similarities in real and ideal behaviour of drugs and when the two can be approximated;
c) demonstrate a sound appreciation of the solution properties of drugs and the impact of pH and other vehicle variants on their values; and
d) demonstrate an understanding of the processes of passive drug transport and the role of solution thermodynamics in pharmaceutical science.
Content:
Buffer calculations. Drug solubility in aqueous solution, influence of pH, ionic strength and ion pairing. Partitioning, effects of molecular structure and pH. Diffusion and permeation. Introduction to solution thermodynamics. The 1 hour examination for this unit includes material covered in Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1 (PA10005).

PA10014: The role of the pharmacist

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES50PR50
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the varied opportunities for practice within the profession of Pharmacy and to explore the contribution of these diverse roles to healthcare; to increase your awareness of the importance of good communication with patients and other health-care professionals; to provide you with an overview of the role of the pharmacist in patient care and as a member of the healthcare team; to orientate you towards the profession of pharmacy in Year 1, so providing you with a good appreciation of the relevance of the early units in foundation science to the remainder of the course and to Pharmacy Practice. On completing the unit, you will be able to: demonstrate a knowledge of the diverse roles of the pharmacist and the ways in which the pharmacist interacts with other health professionals and with patients; appreciate the knowledge base, particularly in pharmaceutical sciences, required to contribute to different areas of practice; recognise the need for good communication skills in pharmacy practice.
Content:
The history of pharmacy and the historical development of the role of the pharmacist. The roles of the present day pharmacist. The interaction between the pharmacist and other health professionals. Communication with patients; patients' expectations of pharmaceutical services.

PA10044: Measurement in pharmacology

Credits: 3
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW50PR50
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Understanding of the principles of measurement required in experimental pharmacology. Basic techniques and recording equipment; molarities; dose-response curves using in vitro preparations.

PA10045: Experimental pharmacology 1

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES50CW25OR25
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The unit builds on the basic physiology overview given in XX10045, and in particular aims to provide the student with a greater appreciation of the integrated systems regulating major physiological processes in the human body. The unit also introduces the practical use of literature searches on a selected topic, and the organisation of such material into an individual essay and a group-based oral presentation. On completing this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate knowledge of physiological control of major body systems, and to present related material in both written and oral forms.
Content:
Regulation of major physiological systems: cardiovascular, renal and respiratory will be used as examples of whole body regulation. Selection of a major theme e.g. cancer which allows a variety of aspects to be researched by small groups and then presented orally to obtain an integrated picture of the theme. Individual literature searches and presentation of acquired information in the form of an essay written under timed conditions.

PA20015: Drug metabolism: a molecular approach (Medicinal & biological chemistry 4)

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW50ES50
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of drug metabolism at a molecular level. The use of advanced spectroscopic techniques in chemical structure elucidation in order to explain, interpret and contrast drugs and their metabolites. After completing this unit the student should be able to:
(a) demonstrate an understanding of drug metabolism;
(b) examine proton and carbon 13 NMR, MS and IR spectroscopic data in order to elucidate chemical structures of unknown compounds.
Content:
Advanced and Multinuclear NMR techniques. Problem solving workshops using an integrated approach to spectroscopic structure elucidation. Introduction to drug metabolism. Calculations of drug and metabolite concentrations, and serial dilutions.

PA20016: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 3 (Cardiovascular, renal & peripheral nervous system pharmacol)

Credits: 6
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop an understanding of the action of drugs on the peripheral nervous system, renal and cardiovascular systems. After taking this course, the student will demonstrate an understanding of the chosen topics.
Content:
Understanding the action of drugs in the peripheral nervous system, kidney and cardiovascular systems. Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of these systems.

PA20017: Cell biology 3 (Receptors, signal transduction pathways & gene regulation)

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with the major families of receptors associated with eucaryotic cells. To introduce the components of intracellular signalling pathways from the recrptor to the cell nucleus, and to illustrate the role of these systems in regulating normal gene expression and the development of cancer. After taking this unit, the student will demonstrate an understanding of the chosen topics.
Content:
Membranes and the cytoskeleton. Receptor families, second messenger systems, Ser and Tyr protein kinases and their phosphorylation targets. Impact of signalling pathways on nuclear events, including regulation of gene expression through transcription factors. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and the control of cell growth.

PA20018: Medicines design 1 (Preformulation & introduction to formulation)

Credits: 6
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: PR100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The unit aims to introduce the principles involved in the formulation of medicinal products, and present the physical and chemical basis for formulation choices. By the end of the unit, students should be able to make initial rational choices about formulation decisions.
Content:
Routes and mechanisms of drug absorption, influence of drug physico-chemical processes. Introduction to dosage forms and routes of administration. Surface phenomena. Particle sizing and micromeritics. Bulk properties of particles. Thermal analysis of materials and use of these techniques in preformulation. The chemistry of polymers, their physical properties and their uses in formulation. Rheology of pharmaceutical materials: liquids, solids and semi-solids; their characterisation and properties. The stability of prepared pharmaceuticals.

PA20019: Statistics for pharmacists & pharmacologists

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To equip students with statistical techniques appropriate to the analysis of biomedical data.
Content:
Introduction to probability. Use of statistical software. Comparing two groups. Data transformations. Student's t- and non-parametric methods. Analysis of variance, multiple comparisons. Correlation, contingency tables.

PA20020: Medical microbiology

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of infectious disease and the human host response to infection. At the completion of this unit, the student should be able to describe the innate human host defence mechanisms and provide examples of micro-organisms comprising the normal flora. They should explain and classify the key features required by micro-organisms to cause human disease and justify how the relevant prominence of virulence determinants contributes to the type of disease caused. They should demonstrate knowledge of how pathogenic organisms respond to the host and regulate virulence.
Content:
This course introduces the concept of how micro-organisms cause infectious disease. It outlines the general defence mechanisms of the human body against infection and the ways in which micro-organisms defeat these systems. A number of paradigms of infectious diseases will be used to illustrate the critical stages of pathogenesis, namely adhesion, replication, evasion of host defences and damage to the host.

PA20021: Applied pharmaceutical analysis

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: PR80CW20
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of sample preparation for analytical procedures and of advanced chromatographic techniques. The selection and use of analytical techniques for solving analytical problems and the presentation of results as a formal written report. After completing this unit, the student should be able to apply appropriate chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to simple pharmaceutical problems, report the results in a scientific manner and draw valid conclusions.
Content:
Sample preparation for analysis; advanced chromatographic methods. Problem solving workshops in chromatography. Radiochemical calculations. Open-ended problem solving practical mini-project utilising chromatographic, spectroscopic, volumetric or potentiometric methods.

PA20022: Biosynthetic sources of pharmaceutical materials (medicinal & biological chemistry 5)

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX90PR10
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20015
Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop the student's understanding of biosynthetic sources of pharmaceutical materials. To illustrate spectroscopic methods can be used to obtain stereochemical information and to explain the biosynthesis of drugs and secondary metabolites. After completion of this unit the student should be able to:
(a) demonstrate an awareness of natural sources of pharmaceutical materials;
(b) demonstrate an outline understanding (at the level of chemical structures and mechanisms) of major pathways of biosynthesis;
(c) demonstrate an understanding of the value of spectroscopic data in stereochemical and conformational analysis;
(d) follow biosynthetic pathways mechanistically, understanding the limits of their knowledge.
Content: Plant and animal sources of pharmaceutical materials. Molecular aspects of biosynthetic pathways. Problem-solving workshops in stereochemical analysis using spectroscopy. Calculations of natural product concentrations and serial dilutions.

PA20023: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 4 (Pharmacology of the central nervous system)

Credits: 6
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
An understanding of drugs affecting the brain and spinal cord.
Content:
Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of the brain and spinal cord.

PA20024: Applied pharmaceutical microbiology (Medicines Design 2)

Credits: 6
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the principles of control of microbial contamination and sterilisation as applied to pharmaceutical products. After taking this unit the student should be able to: explain
(I) the microbiological and physico-chemical properties of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents and justify their use in pharmaceutical formulation and
(II) the principles and the technology of the various methods of sterilising pharmaceutical products and the illustrate the associated procedures concerned with quality assurance.
Content:
Sources of microbial contamination. Kinetics of microbial inactivation and the construction and interpretation of survivor curves. Disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives; their modes of action, assessment of efficacy and formulation parameters. Introduction to sterilisation methods; comparative advantages and disadvantages of heat, irradiation, gaseous and filtration methods. Validation of all methods. Pyrogens. Sterility testing. Facility Design.

PA20025: Introduction to clinical and community pharmacy

Credits: 12
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX50PR50
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims: To provide an introduction to: pharmacy law, ethics and codes of professional practice: clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: practical procedures and techniques employed in pharmacy practice.
Objectives: After taking this unit the student should be able to:
1) demonstrate and apply knowledge of pharmacy law, ethics and practice, clinical pharmacy and therapeutics and the social science perspective applied to pharmacy practice;
2) identify patient and prescription problems and advise suitable solutions;
3)dispense medication and complete any necessary administration;
4)communicate with other health care professionals and with patients.
Content:
Legislation: Introduction to the structure of British Legislation. Legislation relating to the practice of Pharmacy. Legislation controlling poisons and dangerous substances.
Pharmacy Practice: Principles of Good Dispensing Practice. Pharmacist's liabilities and responsibilities. Introduction to the supply of medicines. The Drug Tariff. Patient Medication Records. Pharmaceutical services to Residential and Nursing homes. Responding to symptoms.
Clinical Pharmacy: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy. Evidence Based Practice. Care Pathways. Laboratory & Biochemical Testing.
Behavioural sciences: Introduction to Behavioural Science relating to the Practice of Pharmacy. Interpersonal skills. Patient Compliance.

PA20046: Experimental pharmacology 2

Credits: 6
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the student to the pharmacology of the different divisions of the nervous system, the kidney and cardiovascular system.
Content:
Neuromuscular transmission and blocking agents, parasympathetic nerves, cholinergic receptors, ganglion blocking drugs and muscarinic receptor antagonists, sympathetic neurotransmission, adrenoceptors and ion channels in nerves and smooth muscle. Actions of diuretics on urinary ionic composition, inotropic and chronotropic effects of drugs on cardiac preparations, mechanisms involved in control of blood vessel diameter.

PA20047: Experimental pharmacology 3

Credits: 18
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW75PR25
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20046

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the student to practical techniques used to study the release, fate and actions of endogenous substances with potent biological activities on isolated cells and tissues, and those used to investigate the mechanism of action of drugs acting on the respiratory and central nervous systems with assessment of the resulting behavioural changes. To introduce the student to working in a small team. After taking this unit, the student should be familiar with the techniques (cellular, tissue, systemic) used to study the pharmacology of a range of mediators and drugs, able to design experiments and to allot tasks within a team, and to present experimental data in written form.
Content:
Illustration of the pharmacology of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, eicosanoids, nitric oxide, kinins, endothelins and platelet-activating factor using smooth muscle and platelet aggregometry. Antibody-based assays - cell surface expression, flow cytometry, immunoassays. Drug action on lung function. Neurotransmitter release from brain slices, microdialysis, behavioural changes as assessed by locomotor activity, exploratory behaviour etc.

PA20050: Biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics & variability in drug response

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX70OR15OT15
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce the causes of variablility in drug response, with emphasis on pharmacokinetic factors. To introduce the theoretical basis of pharmacokinetics and describe its uses in development of medicines and in clinical applications. After completing this unit, the student will be able to describe the theory underlying the practice of pharmacokinetics, interpret pharmacokinetic data, and perform basic pharmacokinetic analysis of clinical data.
Content:
Sources of variablilty in drug response and options for monitoring and improving the quality of drug therapy. Mechanisms of drug absorption, distribution and elimination, and the factors with affect each process. Pharmacokinetic modelling: mathematical methods and uses of various strategies. Effect of genetics, age, weight, and disease on pharmacokinetics. Case studies of clinical pharmacokinetic alanyses to aid understanding of differences in drug activity. Scope of existing knowledge of biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacokinetics in man.

PA20122: Industrial placement

Credits: 60
Level: Intermediate
Academic Year
Assessment:
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Please see the Director of Studies for further information about the industrial placement year.

PA20138: Recombinant DNA technology - pharmaceutical applications

Credits: 3
Level: Intermediate
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The unit provides a basic understanding of recombinant DNA technology for application in molecular pharmacology, the molecular basis of disease including infectious disease, production of recombinant proteins as pharmaceutical products and as general tools in biological research, gene therapy. After taking this unit, the student will have a basic understanding of gene cloning and associated technical procedures and an appreciation of applications of this technology in pharmaceutical and medicinal science.
Content:
DNA vectors, including plasmids and viral vectors, genomic DNA and cDNA libraries. Manipulation of DNA including the use of restriction enzymes. Agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, hybridisation techniques, polymerase chain reaction.

PA30028: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 5 (Pharmacology of autocoids & immunology)

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Understanding release of autocoids and the immune response.
Content:
Drugs affecting autocoids, inflammation and immune disorders. Natural science students MUST take PA30029 at the same time as this unit.

PA30029: Endocrinology

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
While taking this unit you must take PA30028
Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the student to the functioning of the major endocrine glands in health and disease. After taking the course the student will be able to identify the major endocrine glands, describe the regulatory networks that control their activity and demonstrate an understanding of the mode of action of hormones in their target tissues. In addition, he or she will be able to describe the clinical consequences and management of endocrine diseases resulting from the hypersecretion and hyposecretion of hormones (primary and secondary in each case) and from end-organ hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness.
Content: Overview of the endocrine system, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, endocrine function of the adrenal medulla, endocrine function of the adrenal cortex, the thyroid gland, reproductive endocrinology, endocrine function of the pancreas, hormones of the gastrointestinal tract, hormonal control of calcium metabolism.

PA30032: Clinical pharmacy & pharmacy practice: professional skills development

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims: To build on and extend the range of knowledge and skills acquired in Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice 2.
Objectives: After taking this unit, the student should be able to: Evaluate prescriptions and patients' medication records relating to more complex therapy; analyse the legality, appropriateness of therapy and dosage, the risk of potential drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in proposed patient therapy; prepare a wide range of extemporaneous products; resolve problems and communicate solutions to patients and healthcare professionals.
Content:
Legislation: NHS Acts Practice: Developments in Pharmacy Practice. The RPSGB. Professional ethics. NHS information technology developments. The practical course widens the student's experience of clinical pharmacy with more complex patient histories. Practical skills are further developed using a variety of extemporaneous formulary and magistral exercises.

PA30034: Pharmacy practice 3

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20025 and take PA30032

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To encourage continued study and application of knowledge and skills to pharmacy practice scenarios.Learning objectives: Literature review of current practice (evidence based practice); Develop treatment and outcome protocols; Management of patient case scenarios. Outline: Patient management problems will be presented in the form of case scenarios. The patient will transfer between primary and secondary care, thus encouraging the student to investigate the opportunities for the pharmacist to improve seamless care.
Content:
Patient management problems (PMPs). Each step in the patient's treatment will require some course of action by the student, either a literature review of current practice, answering short answer questions or providing an outline of proposed action in the form of a treatment protocol.

PA30035: Dissertation in pharmacy

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: DS80OR20
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of the unit is that the students gain skills in conducting a literature survey on a chosen topic, reviewing their findings and presenting them orally and in a well-organised piece of writing. When the students have completed the unit, they should be able to:
1. Use methods of searching for information, papers and reviews on a pharmaceutically related topic in a library and in electronic media.
2. Analyse, evaluate and critically review this information.
3. Assess the reliability and importance of individual pieces of information according to their source and relevance to the topic.
4. Draw conclusion from the information collected.
5. Prepare and construct an organised, well-argued and concise written dissertation.
6. Prepare, produce and present a short oral presentation, including appropriate responses to oral questions from peers.
Content:
A topic related to the science and practice of pharmacy will be chosen by each student from a list provided. A tutor will be assigned to each student to monitor progress, give advice and assess the dissertation and oral presentation. One lecture will be given to all the students to introduce the unit and to give general guidance on planning library work, assessing the quality and relevance of data, preparing the oral presentation and writing the dissertation. Three tutorials will be given by the tutors to assigned groups of students; in these tutorials, the student will be given further guidance and their progress will be monitored.

PA30052: Anti-microbial chemotherapy

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must (take PA10003 and take PA10011) or (take BB10005 and take BB10006)

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this half-unit is to familiarise the student with the molecular actions of antibiotics, anti-viral and anti-protozoal drugs, and to identify the molecular basis for the target selectivity of these agents. After taking this unit, the student will have acquired knowledge of the pharmacology of these drug classes, and an outline of their clinical use.
Content:
Antibiotic treatment, modes of action and resistance including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, b-lactamase inhibitors, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 4-quinolones, vancomycin and fusidic acid and anti-tuberculosis agents. Antiviral drugs, treatment of Herpes, Varicella and HIV. Treatment of protozoal infections, including malaria.

PA30053: Integrated studies in pharmacology

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To draw together material from the earlier semesters and to provide a link with the advanced studies in the following semester.
Content:
Tutorials and essays covering topics from earlier in the programme.

PA30055: Project

Credits: 18
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: RT100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to develop practical research skills. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to generate original data, to analyse the data appropriately and to present conclusions drawn from the data.
Content:
The student will be offered a choice of research project from a wide range of topics in pharmacology.

PA30126: Placement (MPharmacology)

Credits: 48
Level: Honours
Academic Year
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to develop practical research skills. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to generate original data, to analyse the data appropriately and to present conclusions drawn from the data.
Content:
The student will undertake a research project in the laboratories of the placement provider. The results of this project will be presented as a written report and as an oral communication.

PA30127: Dissertation

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: DS100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to undertake a structured piece of library-based research, and to present the findings in an extended written form. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to acquire information from library sources, to assimilate and collate such information and to present a coherent account of the topic in the form of a dissertation.
Content:
The student will undertake this unit using the facilities of the placement provider, and with the advice and support of the placement supervisor. The subject of the dissertation will reflect the research activities of the placement, but may involve technological developments or therapeutic opportunities within a given area of pharmacological interest.

PA30128: Landmarks in Pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to appreciate the scientific background to specific areas of pharmacology, and to evaluate the significance of particular experimental approaches to the development of current understanding of pharmacology. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to analyse seminal findings from early pharmacological literature, and to appreciate the relevance of historical observations to current areas of research in pharmacology.
Content:
The student will undertake this unit using the facilities of the placement provider, and with the advice and support of the placement supervisor. The subjects of the essays may in part reflect the research activities of the placement, but will emphasise the historical significance of specific experiments and published reports within given areas of pharmacological interest.

PA30140: Critical and communicative skills in pharmacology

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX80ES20
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to develop cognitive and transferable skills - first through critical analysis and interpretation of research publications in pharmacology, and secondly by the practice of oral and written communication of scientific information. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to identify the key points and conclusions of research papers, and to interpret research findings in a logical and critical manner. The student will also have undertaken exercises in verbal and written communication.
Content:
Exercises in rapid analysis of scientific literature to identify key findings; more measured critical analysis of sample papers, with a written commentary of key conclusions and their validity; essays on selected topics in pharmacology; oral presentation of project results and/or other scientific data.

PA30141: Advanced experimental pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20046 and take PA20047

Aims & Learning Objectives:
to introduce the student to more advanced practical techniques used to evaluate 3 areas of current research interest in pharmacology, and to promote team interactions in acquiring and integrating complementary data. After taking this unit, the student will demonstate an understanding of the methods available to study drug effects in the chosen areas, and an ability to work within a small team to generate a pool of related experimental data for further analysis.
Content:
Three blocks of linked practical classes, each introduced by a single lecture, and each offering a series of techniques relevant to a current research topic within the pharmaceutical industry.

PA30142: Molecular pharmacology

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop knowledge and understanding of techniques in molecular biology and their applicability to problems in pharmacological research. After taking this course, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of commonly used techniques in molecular biology, and to appreciate the relevance of this molecular approach to research in pharmacology.
Content:
Gene manipulation - the polymerase chain reaction, site-directed mutagenesis, expression systems. Generation of cellular reagents for high throughput screening of drug candidates. Genomics and microarrays. Transgenic animal models, gene targeting and therapy.

PA30143: Practical medicinal and biological chemistry

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20PR80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce students to fundamental aspects of the practical procedures involved in the synthesis of biologically active small molecules. An emphasis will be upon functional group recognition and interchange, and we will also illustrate the importance of the 3-dimensional structure in medicinal and biological chemistry. To report the results of a practical investigation in poster form. After taking this Unit the student should be able to evaluate and analyse the factors involved in simple synthetic transformations of common functional groups and also compare and contrast the 3-dimensional shapes of molecules with respect to their functional groups.
Content:
The topics covered in this practical course include a systematic understanding of key aspects of structural factors that affect reactivity, functional groups and their interconversion at practical and mechanistic levels, and stereochemistry in pharmaceutical and biological molecules. Preparation and analysis of drugs and their synthetic intermediates will be carried out. Successful students will have demonstrated an ability accurately to deploy established techniques of analysis and synthesis.

PA30144: Experimental pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW20PR20OT60
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with the methods used to measure functional pharmacological responses and to develop skills in using these techniques to study the systematic pharmacology of different organs within the body and in presenting scientific data in report and poster format. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate
(1) an understanding of the pharmacological techniques used to study the actions of drugs in the kidney and in intestinal, bronchial and vascular smooth muscle and
(2) an ability to write a scientific report and to plan, prepare and present a scientific poster.
Content:
Methods of measurement in pharmacology; actions of diuretic drugs on urinary levels of sodium, potassium and hydrogen; influence of route of administration of a drug on its onset and duration of action; agonist and antagonist response curves; actions of drugs on vascular, cardiac and respiratory smooth muscle.

PA30145: Practical pharmacognosy and the analysis of natural products

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20PR80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce students to the practical procedures involved in the evaluation of crude drugs, the extraction and chemical characterisation of low molecular weight compounds of natural origin. To report the results of a practical investigation in poster form. After taking this Unit the student should be able to
(a) carry out a microscopical and chromatographic evaluation of a dried plant material,
(b) demonstrate familiarity with the methods available for the extraction and isolation of low molecular weight compounds from natural sources;
(c) be able to elucidate the chemical structure of simple natural products from spectroscopic data;
(d) evaluate a scientific paper in the field, and
(e) the student will produce a simple and informative scientific poster based upon a short practical investigation of a natural material.
Content:
Identification of plant materials using microscopical techniques. Extraction techniques including solvent extractions, steam distillation, acid/base cycles. Separation techniques including thin layer and column chromatography, gas chromatography and GC/MS. Chemical structure elucidation of natural products. Choice of methodology for specific examples. Poster design and preparation.

PA30146: Practical pharmaceutics

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW60OT40
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To challenge students to solve typical problems of pharmecutical formulation, giving them experience of team work, poster presentation, experimental design, analytical methods in formulation, selection of criteria for optimisation, and establishment of specifications for pharmecutical products. After attending the course, students should be able to identify key issues in formulation of typical medicines, design a strategy for pre-formulation research, carry out such research, draw conclusions from the results, present those data in poster format and make recommendations for future work.
Content:
Students will work in small groups to study a number of formulation problems during the unit. Each week will involve preparation/tutorial work followed by practical work. Each group of students will study all problems during the course, and will be required to present a poster-style report on one of their projects, at the end of the unit. Formulation exercises will be selected from examples such as the following: dermatological gel formulation (including use of co-solvents, rheological analysis, preservation); cream formulation (inclusion of drugs, volume ratio of oil, rheological analysis, preservation); tablet formulation (wet granulation, compression conditions); opthalmic solutions (drug stability, buffering, isotonicity); parenteral solution formulation (as opthalmic); suspension formulation (wetting, flocculation, physical stability).

PA30147: Design of drug synthesis (synthetic design)

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX60OR40
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA10001 and take PA10008

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce students to fundamental aspects of the design of drug syntheses. An emphasis will be upon functional group recognition and interchange, and planning of synthetic routes.After taking this unit, the student should be able to:
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the factors involved in planning synthetic approaches to drugs by simple synthetic transformations of common functional groups.
2. Use the retrosynthetic method to design syntheses of common drugs and related compounds. Evaluate and analyse a scientific paper or chemical synthesis and to present this critical review orally.
Content:
The topics in this course include the need for good synthetic planning, retrosynthetic analysis, and disconnections at appropriate functional groups.

PA30148: Central nervous system pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in the pharmacology of the central nervous system (CNS), and to examine selected topics in greater depth. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of the major groups of centrally-acting drugs, and an appreciation of the current understanding of disease processes in the brain.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in CNS pharmacology, such as: chronobiology and chronopharmacology, the rhythmicity of pathological processes and drug responses, jet lag, shift work, seasonal affective disorder. Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters including tachykinins, pancreatic polypeptides, opioids, cholecystokinin, vasopressin and oxytocin, abnormal peptides in Alzheimers disease.

PA30150: Cardiovascular pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle and its modulation by drugs, occlusive vascular disease and targets for future drug development.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology, such as: regulation of blood vessel tone, calcium and potassium channels, endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factors. Vascular disease, including stroke and pulmonary hypertension; Angiogenesis.

PA30151: Medicinal uses of natural products

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
After completing this unit the student should be able to:
(a) select natural product examples to illustrate the relation of chemical structur to activity or function in drug compounds and pharmaceutical excipients;
(b) use examples from herbal medicine to illustrate the value of evidence based practice;
(c) show how natural substances may be modified chemically in order to modify biological activity;
(d) show how natural substances may form valuable 'lead components' in medicial chemistry.
Content:
Selected topics such as: natural product drugs in the British Pharmacopoeia, natural substances as pharmaceutical excipients, herbal medicines from European and Oriental perspectives and their chemical constituents, pharmaceutically useful agents from the terpenoid and other biosynthetic pathways, insecticidal natural products, large scale production of natural products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

PA30152: Molecular biology and drug design

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW20EX80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To build upon earlier material from Recombinant DNA Technology to demonstrate how the techniques and knowledge base of molecular biology is changing the practice of drug discovery. After completing this unit, the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of molecular cloning and associated methodology, genomics, methods for structural characterisation of macromolecules, development of assays for target molecules, bioinformatics, use of arrays of molecules, and the current practice of drug discovery utilising molecular biological techniques.
Content:
Introduction to genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics; strategies and methods for cloning genes (ie within superfamilies); strategies for identification of molecular targets; use of databases for drug design and discovery; uses of arrays of biological molecules (eg gene chips); basic principles of structural biology: typical motifs within proteins; introduction to X-ray crystallography; NMR of proteins and nucleic acids; MS techniques in protein analysis; structural studies of ligand-protein binding, molecular modelling of drug-protein interactions; DNA recognition; transcriptional activation; phage display libraries; evolutionary techniques; population genetics and pharmacogenomics; design of high throughput screening systems; interface with chemical structure-based discovery approaches.

PA30153: Respiratory pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in respiratory pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lung disease and targets for pharmacological intervention.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent developments in the understanding of respiratory diseases and identification of new pharmacological targets, such as: Cystic Fibrosis: molecular biology and regulation of CFTR, relationship between CFTR and disease, pharmacological regulation of CFTR, host defence in cystic fibrosis. Asthma: chemical and cellular mediators, neuronal control of the airways, new and prospective treatments. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: gene transcription and potential for therapy. Pulmonary hypertension and oedema, hypoxia and anoxia: mechanisms and pharmacological targets

PA30157: The molecular biology of cancer

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA30156

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in the molecular and cellular processes underlying tumour development and in the various forms of anti-cancer treatments. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis and aberrant gene expression in tumour cell growth, and should be aware of both current and future developments in anti-tumour therapy.
Content:
Epidemiology of cancer, chemical and radiation-induced mutagenesis, examples of aberrant gene expression associated with dysregulation of cell growth and death, pharmacology of current and novel chemotherapeutic agents, combination therapy, radiation therapy and radiosensitising drugs, tumour immunology and immunotherapy.

PA30168: Immunopharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To extend the students knowledge of the immune system to include the various target cells and molecules that are being investigated for their potential therapeutic use in diseases characterised either by inadequate or excessive immune reactivity. After completing this unit, the student will have acquired knowledge of the current situation regarding therapeutic intervention to modulate the immune response, the most important target structures and the impact of immunotherapy in treating autoimmunity, cancer and immunodeficiencies.
Content:
Identification of potential drug targets in the immune system - antigen specific/non-specific. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics, immunotoxins. Inhibitory cytokines, cytokine inhibitors. Inhibitors of T cell signalling, antioxidants. Th1/Th2 cells, costimulation, anergy, apoptosis. Apoptosis induction in treating cancer. Class II MHC blockade, altered peptide ligands, T cell receptor vaccination. Tolerance induction, oral tolerance. Treatment of autoimmune diseases.

PA30169: Molecular signalling

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA30142

Aims & Learning Objectives:
This unit will familiarise the student with aspects of molecular signalling and current areas of research which are of particular interest and importance. Knowledge gained from previous units in cell biology, and in particular molecular pharmacology, will be built on with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics encompassing cellular signalling events in different model systems. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an understanding of different cellular signalling mechanisms.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in molecular signalling. The areas to be covered include signalling events occuring in immune cells in response to cytokines and other mediators; protein interaction modules; kinase cascades; tyrosine kinases; tyrosine phosphatases; lipid signalling; regulation of transcription.

PA30171: Infections

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: ES50EX50
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20020
Aims & Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with the major infections and their treatment with anti-microbial agents. After completing the unit, it is expected that the learner should be able to evaluate the clinical presentation of infectious diseases and justify and defend their treatment with antimicrobial agents. The student should be able to compare and contrast the different antimicrobial agents, question their usage and critically assess the impact of antibiotic resistance.
Content: Bacterial infections including those caused by Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Clostridium sp, Neisseria sp., Enterobacterial species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium sp. Antibiotic treatment, modes of action, resistance and clinical usage including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, b-lactamase inhibitors, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 4-quinolones, vancomycin and fusidic acid and anti-tuberculosis agents. Viral infections and their treatment including Herpes, Varicella and HIV. Fungal infections including dermatophytes and Candida albicans and treatment with amphotericin and azole agents. Treatment of protozoal infections including malaria. Helminths and arthropods. Anti-microbial susceptibility/pharmacokinetics will be investigated in the practicals and workshops.

PA30172: Formulation of solid dose, liquid & semi solid medications & aseptic processing (Medicines Design 3)

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20018 and take PA20024

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims: To provide an overview of aseptic processing and associated quality assurance systems. Illustrate the importance of isotonicity in liquid dosage forms. Examine the principles of the formulation of solid dose, liquid and semi-solid medications. Learning
Objectives: At the end of the unit the student will be able to
i) prepare and compare formulations used in emulsions and creams,
ii) explain the underlying physicochemical principles involved in the formulation of aqueous solution of drugs, emulsions, creams, parenterals and opthalmics,
iii) evaluate the physical and chemical basis for the choice of particular solid dose formulated systems,
iv) process a request for a parenteral dose,
v) appraise aseptic techniques and,
vi) apply a quality assurance system to aseptic processing.
Content:
Milling, mixing, granulation and drying in the production of solid dose pharmaceuticals. Direct compression tablet production, formulation of tablets for wet and dry granulation, the physics of tablet compaction, and capsule production. Coating: sugar coating, polymer film coating and controlled release coating. Making aseptic products and their assessment using clinical checks and broth fill validation. QA systems, including environmental monitoring, approved procedures and QC checks. Osmosis and isotonicity adjustments. Formulation and preparation of emulsions and creams. Production of opthalmics and parenterals. Organoleptics and solubility in liquid doses.

PA30173: Pharmaceutical development and manufacturing

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA20024 and take PA30172

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop further understanding of the role of pharmaceutical research and development in the manufacture and marketing of medicines. To review the industrial development and optimisation of liquid, semi-solid and parenteral products. After completing the course the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the role and practice of pharmaceutical R&D in an industrial context, and discuss technical R&D issues in relation to development of liquid, semi-solid and parenteral products.
Content:
Review of the drug development process; clinical trials design; interaction of research and development with clinical trials and toxicology programmes; regulation of pharmaceuticals; GMP issues; data and information management; pharmaco-economic issues in drug development; dosage form design; review of excipients for liquid and semi-solid products; controlling the performance of dermatological formulations; parenteral production issues; case studies in liquid and semi-solid formulation.

PA30174: Clinical pharmacy & pharmacy practice: health education

Credits: 6
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX80CW20
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim :To develop the concept of health education as a method of achieving a reduction in patient morbidity and mortality. Objectives:On successful completion of this Unit, the student will have a systematic understanding of basic health education theory and methods; evaluate the pharmacist's role in health education; demonstrate the health education needs of particular patient groups; and demonstrate how to run a questionnaire-based study relevant to the content of the Unit.
Content:
Health education theory and methods. The pharmacist's role. Drug misuse. Health and travel. HIV / sexual health. Coronary heart disease prevention. Nutrition. Mental health. Health education for special patient groups. Practice research methodology applied to health education.

PA30179: Hospital pharmacy practice

Credits: 3
Level: Honours
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA10014 and take PA20025 and while taking this unit you must take PA30032. After taking this unit you must take PA30034 and take PA40038 and take PA40037 and take PA40041
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims: To build on and extend the range of knowledge and skills acquired in PA20025 and apply these to secondary care case studies.
Objectives: After taking this unit, the student should be able to: Describe appropriate pharmaceutical care for patients being managed in secondary care. This includes: Review of inpatient prescriptions and hospital medication charts; assessment of hospital prescription for legality, review of hospital case studies followed by comment and action on the appropriateness of therapy and dosage, the risk of potential drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. Describe effective communicationmethods for use with patients and healthcare professionals.
Content: Lectures: Eight lectures (four sets of double lectures) to outline of the structure and function of secondary care including the use of case notes, and introduce the students to practice in key therapeutical areas. Practicals: A tutorial review/resume of points relating to the cases, followed by one case scenarios in each class, covering 4 different therapeutic areas.Note the hospital placment scheme is also tied to this unit

PA30180: Placement (MPharm)

Credits: 24
Level: Honours
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to experience pharmaceutical education and practice in an overseas country. After completing the unit the students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of pharmacy education and practice in the host country.
Content:
The student will spend approximately 12 weeks in an overseas School of Pharmacy. During this time they will, under the supervision of an approved tutor, either
(a) participate in a research project in the laboratories of the placement provider, or
(b) participate in an exercise in pharmacy practice, or
(c) undertake any other pharmaceutical activity designated by the host tutor and approved by the Department Courses Committee at Bath.

PA40036: Medicines design 4 (Solid state formulation & pulmonary delivery)

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To demonstrate the need for aseptic processing, methods of validation and assessing technique. To show how solid dose medications and inhaled systems are formulated and to give a physical and chemical basis for the choice of particular formulated systems. On completing this unit, the student will demonstrate an understanding of the processes involved in generating solid dose pharmaceuticals and the various means of formulating such materials.
Content:
The need for aseptic processing, and the systems of work employed, including QA and QC. The students will be taught aseptic technique which will be assessed by broth fill and quantitative analysis of a CIVAS exercise. processing techniques common to the production of solid dose pharmaceuticals: milling, mixing, granulation and drying. The physics of tablet compaction. Direct compression tablet compaction. Formualtion of tablets for wet and dry granulation. Techniques of capsule production. Coating: sugar coating, polymer film coating and coatings for controlled release. Controlled release: physiological basis and need. Controlled oral release achieved by matrix, film coated and osmotic systems. Formulation of pMDI, DPI and nebulisable formulations.

PA40037: Clinical pharmacy & pharmacy practice: further developments in professional pharmacy

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX50OT50
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims: To integrate and further develop the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Units and to evaluate critically current and future developments in Pharmacy practice.
Objectives: After taking this course the student should be able to: Demonstrate the application of pharmaceutical knowledge, behavioural science and legislation to professional practice, as a prerequisite to commencing pre-registration training and, in due course, application for admission to the Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists in Great Britain.
Content: Pharmaceutical Organisations The Profession of Pharmacy. Current and future developments in Pharmacy Practice. Case studies in Pharmaceutical Legislation. The practical course addresses more complex practice scenarios, building on experience gained in modules 1,2, & 3. Revision of Practice and Legislation covered to date.

PA40038: Clinical pharmacy & pharmacy practice 7 (Clinical therapeutics 1)

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX80CW10OT10 (Assessment of ward-based teaching contributes 10% to final mark of PA40041)
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
1. Relate aspects of prior knowledge from years 1 to 3 to the developing pharmaco-therapeutic knowledge gained in this module.
2. Critically evaluate current treatment guidelines and then develop, design and manage a patient care plan for medicines and medicines review.
3. Solve complex patient care problems and be able to defend and justify the selected treatment chosen to peers and members of the multidisciplinary healthcare team.
4. Develop the interpersonal communication skills necessary to interview a patient; elicit information from several healthcare sources and prepare a pharmaceutical care plan.
5. To develop a holistic approach to patient care including an appreciation of integrated and interprofessional care.
6. Demonstrate self-direction and continue to advance their knowledge and understanding to high levels.
7. Demonstrate the qualities and transferable skills necessary for employment requiring:
* the exercise of initiative and personal responsibility;
* decision-making in complex situations;
* the independent learning ability required for continuing professional development.
Content: Lectures & Workshops: Topics selected from the following: Clinical Ethics, GI Disorders & Nutrition, Renal Medicine, Coagulation, Surgery & Thromboprophylaxis, Paediatric Medicine, Respiratory Disease, Diabetes, Liver Disease, Acute & Chronic Pain Control, Elderly Care, Anaesthesia & ITU, Wound Care, Dermatology, Cardiovascular Disease, Risk Management, Critical Appraisal Skills, Cancer Care, Hormonal Contraception.
Ward-based teaching: Medical Specialties.

PA40039: Project 1

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
After taking this unit you must take PA40042

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of the unit is that the student gain skills in setting up an hypothesis and in devizing experiments designed to test that hypothesis. At the end of the unit the student should be able to present and explain the background to the chosen research area, formulate the hypothesis to be addressed and select the means by which it is to be tested
Content:
A wide range of project topics will be made available from which the student will chose one and work as part of a small team.

PA40040: Advanced pharmaceutical studies

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To provide an opportunity to integrate selected areas of pharmaceutical interest in depth; to structure and formulate the relationships between specialised subject areas and their wider relevance in the world of pharmaceutical science. At the end of the unit, the student will be able to evaluate critically current research and advanced scholarship, develop critiques of them, integrating knowledge gained from all aspects of the M.Pharm course, making sound judgements in the absence of complete data.
Content:
Areas of topical or potential interest in the pharmaceutical and related sciences will be chosen for study. The nature of the course dictates that the topics chosen will change from year to year. It is proposed to introduce each topic by means of an invited lecture or structured symposium; the subject will be further explored by directed student-centred learning, including the use of informal debates and formal small group tutorials.

PA40041: Clinical pharmacy & pharmacy practice 8 (Clinical therapeutics II)

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX70CW10OT10PR10
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA40038
Aims & Learning Objectives:
1. Relate aspects of prior knowledge from years 1 to 3 to the developing pharmaco-therapeutic knowledge gained in this module.
2. Critically evaluate current treatment guidelines and then develop, design and manage a patient care plan for medicines and medicines review.
3. Solve complex patient care problems and be able to defend and justify the selected treatment chosen to peers and members of the multidisciplinary healthcare team.
4. Develop the interpersonal communication skills necessary to interview a patient; elicit information from several healthcare sources and prepare a pharmaceutical care plan.
5. To develop a holistic approach to patient care including an appreciation of integrated and interprofessional care.
6. Demonstrate self-direction and continue to advance their knowledge and understanding to high levels.
7. Demonstrate the qualities and transferable skills necessary for employment requiring:
* the exercise of initiative and personal responsibility;
* decision-making in complex situations;
* the independent learning ability required for continuing professional development.
Content: Lectures & Workshops: Topics selected from the following: Clinical Ethics, GI Disorders & Nutrition, Renal Medicine, Coagulation, Surgery & Thromboprophylaxis, Paediatric Medicine, Respiratory Disease, Diabetes, Liver Disease, Acute & Chronic Pain Control, Elderly Care, Anaesthesia & ITU, Wound Care, Dermatology, Cardiovascular Disease, Risk Management, Critical Appraisal Skills, Cancer Care, Hormonal Contraception.
Ward-based teaching: Medical Specialities.

PA40042: Project 2

Credits: 12
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: RT100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA40039

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of these units is to allow the student to develop practical research skills. At the end of the units the student should be able
(a) to generate original data;
(b) to analyse the data appropriately and
(c) to present conclusions drawn from the data in the form of a well organised and well argued report modelled on a research paper.
Content:
Students will be offered a choice of research project from a wide range of topics in the pharmaceutical sciences.

PA40130: Â鶹´«Ã½ project

Credits: 18
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: RT100
Requisites:

Content:
Â鶹´«Ã½ project

PA40154: Drug design and discovery

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To introduce students to fundamental aspects of the drug design and discovery process. An emphasis will be placed upon chemical approaches, and the planning of synthetic routes. Two Case studies will be presented.After taking this Unit the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the factors involved in the drug design and discovery process with specific details in respect of two Case studies, combinatorial chemistry, and computers in drug design.
Content:
The topics in this course include the need for good understanding of drug action at the molecular level and the aims of rational drug design.

PA40155: Â鶹´«Ã½ topics in natural products

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives: To explore current areas of research interest in the field of biologically active natural products and their derivatives. After taking this unit the student should be aware of higher plants and animals in the causation of disease states. the student should be able to evaluate critically the topics covered and of the scope and limitations of natural products as chemical and biological leads in drug discovery and as pharmaceutical tools and be able to discuss appropriate examples.
Content: Selected topics such as: poisonous plants, animal toxins and venoms, natural anticancer agents, phorbol and related diterpenoid esters, natural glycosidase inhibitors, biotechnology and natural products, natural anti-oxidants, modern techniques of structure elucidation.

PA40156: Infection and immunity

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To provide a knowledge base of the major components of the immune response, how this system is regulated in health and in combating infection, and how dysregulation can lead to autoimmunity and disease. After completing this unit, the student will appreciate the role of several processes in protecting the host from infectious micro-organisms, and how failure of immune regulation can be associated with a number of pathological states.
Content:
Fundamentals of the immune system - self/non-self discrimination. Antibodies. Antigen presentation to T cells and B cells, the MHC, costimulation, Th1/Th2 cells, cytokine production. Regulation of immune responses - suppression, idiotypes, tolerance - the thymus, apoptosis. Microbial perturbation of host immune response and the contribution of the host response to the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Mechanisms underlying autoimmunity. Effector mechanisms targeting intra- and extra-cellular pathogens, mucosal immunity, oral vaccination, oral tolerance.

PA40159: Recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20EX80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest, and to practise key skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle and its modulation by drugs, occlusive vascular disease and targets for future drug development, and an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology, such as: regulation of blood vessel tone, calcium and potassium channels, endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factors. Occlusive vascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke.

PA40160: Recent advances in central nervous system pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20EX80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in the pharmacology of the central nervous system (CNS), to examine selected topics in greater depth and to practise cognitive skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of the major groups of centrally-acting drugs, an appreciation of the current understanding of disease processes in the brain, and an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
In-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in CNS pharmacology, such as: chronobiology and chronopharmacology, the rhythmicity of pathological processes and drug responses, jet lag, shift work, seasonal affective disorder. Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters including tachykinins, pancreatic polypeptides, opioids, cholecystokinin, vasopressin and oxytocin, abnormal peptides in Alzheimer's disease.

PA40161: Recent advances in respiratory pharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20EX80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in respiratory pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lung disease and targets for pharmacological intervention; and be able to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent developments in the understanding of respiratory diseases and identification of pharmacological targets, such as: Cystic Fibrosis: molecular biology and regulation of CFTR, relationship between CFTR and disease, pharmacological regulation of CFTR, host defence in cystic fibrosis. Asthma: chemical and cellular mediators, neuronal control of the airways, new and prospective treatments. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: gene transcription and potential for therapy. Pulmonary hypertension and oedema, hypoxia and anoxia: mechanisms and pharmacological targets.

PA40162: Recent advances in immunopharmacology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20EX80
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To extend the student's knowledge of the immune system to include the various target cells and molecules that are being investigated for their potential therapeutic use in diseases characterised either by inadequate or excessive immune reactivity, and to practise cognitive skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After completing this unit, the student will have acquired knowledge of therapeutic interventions to modulate the immune response, and of the impact of immunotherapy in treating autoimmunity, cancer and immunodeficiencies, and will show an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
Identification of potential drug targets in the immune system - antigen specific/non-specific. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics, immunotoxins. Inhibitory cytokines, cytokine inhibitors. Inhibitors of T cell signalling, antioxidants. Th1/Th2 cells, anergy, costimulation, apoptosis. Apoptosis induction in treating cancer. Class II MHC blockade, altered peptide ligands, T cell receptor vaccination. Tolerance induction, oral tolerance. Treatment of autoimmune diseases.

PA40163: Recent advances in molecular signalling

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: ES20EX80
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA30142

Aims & Learning Objectives:
This unit will familiarise the student with recent advances in molecular signalling and current areas of research which are of particular interest and importance. Knowledge gained from previous units in cell biology, and in particular molecular pharmacology, will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics encompassing cellular signalling events in different model systems. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit the student should have an in depth understanding of the complex interactions which occur in cellular signalling events. They should have developed the ability to read and interpret original research papers in this area in a logical and critical manner and recognise the intricacies of cellular signalling mechanisms.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in molecular signalling, to include signalling events occuring in immune cells in response to cytokines and other mediators; protein interaction modules; kinase cascades; tyrosine kinases and phosphatases; lipid signalling; regulation of transcription.

PA40164: Cytokines, chemokines and adhesion

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop further key skills in information retrieval, organisation and communication through studying mechanisms of inflammatory cell migration. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an ability to undertake literature searches, to assimilate scientific information and to present a given topic as an oral communication supported by a written abstract. The group will be able to describe the mechanisms of cell adhesion, movement and activation occurring in inflammation.
Content:
Adhesion molecules: selectins, integrins; chemotactic cytokines: sources, structure, targets, receptor specificity and signalling; cytokine networks in leukocyte migration.

PA40165: Advanced topics in molecular medicine

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To provide students with an appreciation of how recent advances in our ability to manipulate genes, signalling pathways, cells and whole organisms are providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. After taking this unit the student will have acquired an in depth appreciation of current developments in a selected area of molecular medicine. In the process they will have practised and improved their skills in information retrieval, information management and presentation.
Content:
Master genes and mesenchymal cell differentiation; Stem Cells-fundamental concepts and potential applications; Modulation of Gene Expression In Vivo-application to the study of disease; Mammalian Cloning-facts and fantasies; Transcriptional Profiling and Database Mining-making sense of the human genome project. Gene Therapy; Manipulation of the Immune System-options for therapy; The use of recombinant proteins as therapeutic agents. Free Radicals in Biology-the notion of "oxidative stress"; Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms-eukaryotes versus prokaryotes; Inducible Antioxidant Defence in Mammalian Cells: UVA/HO-1. Molecular Integration of Signalling Pathways; Small molecule inhibitors of signalling pathways and their therapeutic applications. Angiogenesis; Wound Healing.

PA40166: Toxins and ion channels

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To develop further key skills in information retrieval, organisation and communication through studying mechanisms whereby toxins target specific ion channels. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an ability to undertake literature searches, to assimilate scientific information and to present a given topic as an oral communication supported by a written abstract. The group will be able to describe the use of toxins as tools to investigate structure, function and regulation of specific ion channels.
Content:
Structure and function of selected ion channels - nicotinic ACh receptor, potassium channels, calcium channels. Targeting of specific ion channels by toxins from various sources - bacteria (pertussis toxin), plant, fungi, snake venom (Mamba toxins), scorpion (charybdotoxin), spider (agatoxins). How such toxins have informed studies of ion channel structure, function and regulation.

PA40175: Current topics in pharmacology

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX80ES20
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to provide an over-arching view of modern pharmacology, and how this science is contributing to topical subject areas within biomedical research. The unit will seek to encourage the application of knowledge and skills developed across the curriculum to selected aspects of current pharmacological research. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate understanding of the general applicability of the knowledge and key skills taught in other units, especially the optional units in the final year.
Content:
Guest lectures on various aspects of pharmacology and related biomedical sciences; practice Viva sessions.

PA40176: Pharmacology in the global economy

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
To provide students with an appreciation of how the pharmaceutical industry determines priorities for Â鶹´«Ã½ & Development within a global economy, and how commercial pressures interact with demands for worldwide improvements in health. After taking this unit the student will have acquired an in depth appreciation of current therapeutic problems and developments in a selected area of medicine. In the process they will have practised and improved their skills in information retrieval, information management and presentation.
Content:
Economics, prioritisation and decision making for R&D in the pharmaceutical industry; current healthcare issues across the world including developing countries; current and future therapies for tropical diseases; role of the WHO; 'orphan drugs' research.

PA40177: Cognitive skills in pharmacology

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 2
Assessment: EX80CW20
Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to develop cognitive and transferable skills through manipulation of numerical data, critical analysis and interpretation of recent research publications in pharmacology, and practice of oral and written communication of scientific information. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to identify the key points and conclusions of research papers, and to interpret research data in a logical and critical manner. The student will also have undertaken exercises in verbal and written communication of scientific information.
Content:
Exercises in rapid analysis of scientific literature to identify key findings; more measured critical analysis of sample papers, with a written commentary of key conclusions and their validity; oral presentation of scientific data (project).

PA40214: Recent advances in drug discovery

Credits: 3
Level: Masters
Semester: 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims: To extend the student's knowledge of how pharmaceutical companies are utilising contemporary scientific advances to identify drug targets and develop new drugs.
Learning Outcomes:
After completing this unit the student will have acquired an in-depth appreciation of current developments in drug discovery programmes within the pharmaceutical industry. In the process they will practise and improve their skills in information retrieval as well as develop the ability to read and interpret original research papers in a critical manner.
Skills:
ICT (T/F/A). Critical analysis (T/F/A). Written communication (T/F/A). Verbal communication (F).
Content:
Guest lecturers from pharmaceutical companies will speak on various aspects of drug target identification and validation as well as drug discovery within the biomedical field. The workshops will develop themes raised in the lectures and introduce the written assessment.

XX10045: Human physiology (Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 1)

Credits: 6
Level: Certificate
Semester: 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
In taking this unit you cannot take XX10044

Aims & Learning Objectives:
The aim of this unit is to provide an overview of human physiology, with particular emphasis on how the major systems of the body are integrated and controlled. After taking this unit, the student should be able to
(a) demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of the major physiological systems of the human body, and
(b) demonstrate knowledge of how the function of major organs and systems is integrated and regulated.
Content:
Cell membranes as controllable permeability barriers within and between cells and the external medium; neuronal conduction, synapses and the neuromuscular junction, cholinergic neurones; Muscle types, activation and contraction; the autonomic nervous system; the central nervous system; the endocrine system; physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal systems to understand how the major systems of the body are integrated and controlled.

 

 

Postgraduate Units:

PA50181: Introduction to clinical skills & pharmaceutical care

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OT50
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives: Aim: To develop an understanding of the principles of pharmaceutical care and a problem solving approach to clinical practice. Learning Objectives: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1) Describe and critically discuss the concept of pharmaceutical care (knowledge and understanding);
2) Describe a systematic approach to problem solving in the clinical setting (professional practical skills);
3) Describe the key factors involved in taking a comprehensive medication history and demonstrate their use (professional practical skills);
4) Identify the different types of laboratory test, demonstrate their use and interpretation, and critically assess their use (knowledge and understanding);
5) Reflect on their own performance in compiling patient histories and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Introduction to clinical skills;
* Case note analysis and medication review;
* Pharmaceutical Care;
* Clinical laboratory investigations;
* Multi-disciplinary team working, Problem solving and Reflective Practice;
* Developing a Clinical Case Portfolio.

PA50182: Retrieval & use of medicines information

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50ES50
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To present knowledge and develop competence in searching, accessing and using information relating to medicines.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1. Describe the type and functions of commonly available information resources (knowledge and understanding);
2. Demonstrate proficiency in the use of internet / intranet based databases (personal transferable skill);
3. Use standard databases to retrieve information (intellectual skill; professional practical skill);
4. Critically appraise common types of literature (intellectual skill);
5. Explain key elements of statistical methods used in literature and appraise their use (knowledge and understanding);
6. Compare and critically evaluate the use of specialist centres, NHS bodies, the DoH, the pharmaceutical industry, and private agencies (knowledge and understanding);
7. Reflect on their own practice in retrieval and use of medicines information and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* the type and functions of commonly available information resources (primary, secondary and tertiary printed and electronic literature, including the UKMi minimum recommended resources and specialist resources);
* the structure, use and limitations of databases (including Pharmline, Medline, EMBase);
* the content of commonly used web sites (UKMi, DoH, NICE);
* trial design (patient selection, sample size calculation, blinding, controlling, randomising);
* trial results, their presentation and manipulation;
* critical appraisal of trials;
* the process of the introduction of new medicines in the UK

PA50183: Principles of pharmaceutical QA

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50184: Safe handling of pharmaceuticals

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50185: Pharmacoeconomics & health economics

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW60OR20OT20
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives: Aim: to provide an introduction to the principles of pharmacoeconomics and health economics and to the tools of pharmacoeconomic analysis. Learning objectives: After completing the unit, the student will be able to:
1. Demonstrate a working understanding of pharmcoeconomic principles (knowledge and understanding);
2. Apply methods of assessing costs and outcomes of pharmaceutical care in their chosen speciality and critically evaluate these methods (professional practical skill);
3. Assess the essential literature of pharmacoeconomics (intellectual skill);
4. Extract information from and critically interpret published studies in pharmacoeconomics. (intellectual skill).
Content: Analysis of cost-effectiveness, cost minimisation, and cost-benefit. Drug-focussed and disease focussed approaches to pharmacoeconomic research. Resource utilisation, revenue enhancement, net economic impact (NEI). Economic and clinical outcomes. Quality of life and how to measure it.

PA50186: Cardiovascular therapeutics

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW90OR10
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives: Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area. Learning Objectives: By the end of the Unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Ischaemic heart disease (angina, MI & revascularisations);
* Cardiovascular disease (hypertension; stroke and heart failure);
* Cardiac arrhythmias (AF; iatrogenic arrhythmia);
* Peripheral vascular disease;
* Coagulation disorders (including Thromboembolic disease; anticoagulation; antiplatelet therapy; anticoagulation clinics; laboratory testing).

PA50187: Gastro-intestinal pharmacotherapy

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives: Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area. Learning Objectives: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Oesophageal disease including: GORD; DU; PU;
* Inflammatory Bowel Disease;
* Nutritional and stoma care of IBD;
* Hepatic functioning and medicines management;
* Alcoholic liver disease;
* Hepatitis including subtypes; management; public health issues.

PA50188: Oncology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the Unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Clinical indicators used in differential diagnosis;
* Solid Tumours (including lymphoma, melanomas etc);
* Clinical practice guidelines;
* Pharmacogenomics;
* Carcinomas (including breast; gynaecological; prostate);
* Outcome measurements (including disease classification, progression and patient QoL indicators).

PA50189: Clinical governance

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW90OR10
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To understand and to be able to apply in practice, the principals and key methodologies of Clinical Governance in order to improve and maintain the quality of clinical practice.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the Unit the student will be able to:
1. Describe and critically evaluate the guidelines for practice (knowledge and understanding);
2. Appraise the data quality and data handling issues as they impinge on clinical governance (intellectual skill);
3. Assess the roles of staff and clients within the health care context (professional practical skill);
4. Reflect on their own practice in this area and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* The development of standards and guidelines for practice;
* Data quality and data handling for clinical governance;
* Audit and reflective practice;
* Documenting and learning from critical incidents, near misses and complaints;
* Staff development; CE and CPD;
* User involvement in clinical governance;
* Controls assurance for medicines management;
* Participation in research, development and the application of evidence based practice as a means of delivering high standard services.

PA50190: Public health pharmacy

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW90OR10
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To review and evaluate the key issues in public health pharmacy.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1. Critically appraise the overall aim of public health services (knowledge and understanding, intellectual skill);
2. describe and assess the elements of public health strategy and services that are relevant to pharmacy services and medicines use (knowledge and understanding).
Content:
* Socioeconomic determinants of health and disease;
* Legal framework for public health;
* NHS planning;
* Cross boundary working;
* Prioritisation of resource use;
* Evidence based practice;
* Health needs assessment;
* Pharmacoepidemiology; systems, data, interpretation;
* Pharmacovigilance; systems, data, interpretation;
* Health Promotion; areas and communication strategies; changing behaviours;
* Drug misuse, Accident prevention, Dental public health, sexual health, mental health, cancer, communicable disease and antibiotic resistance.

PA50191: Advanced drug delivery systems

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50192: Aseptic processing & preparation

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50193: Clinical pharmacokinetics

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50194: Prescribing & medicines policy

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50195: Parenteral drug administration

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50196: Systems design & validation

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50197: Evidence based practice & critical appraisal

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW80OT20
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims: To provide an overview of the science of evidence based medicine (EBM) and to understand the importance of classifying evidence. To critically evaluate the quality of evidence sources that are used in clinical decision making.
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the unit students will be able to:
1. List the types of evidence from an EBM perspective (knowledge and understanding);
2. Describe the key components of a systematic review (knowledge and understanding);
3. Critically appraise a systematic review (knowledge and understanding, intellectual skill);
4. Explain and calculate numbers needed to treat and similar concepts (professional practical skill);
5. Describe and critically evaluate the role of national and international bodies producing reviews (knowledge and understanding, intellectual skill);
6. Reflect on their own interaction with the evidence base and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Overview of evidence based medicine;
* Systematic reviews - what they are and why we need them;
* How to critically appraise a systematic review;
* Assessment of randomised controlled trials and calculating measures of effectiveness such as numbers needed to treat;
* The Cochrane Collaboration as a source of reviews and international health technology assessment programmes.

PA50198: Practice-based research

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW80OR20
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aims of Unit: To provide a thorough grounding in the various research methodologies and planning techniques that are used in practice-based research; To select and use appropriate methodologies in the design and organisation of an independent research project.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the Unit students will be able to:
1. Differentiate/discriminate between the different types of research techniques available to the health professional and make judgements about their use in particular practice contexts (knowledge and understanding; intellectual skills);
2. Critically evaluate the role of research in pharmacy practice and health services research (intellectual skills);
3. Identify and design a small scale practice-based research project and present the project plan (knowledge and understanding, professional and practical; transferable key skills);
4. Evaluate the ethical issues involved in undertaking research in practice and describe the procedure for seeking ethical approval for research in their particular practice context (knowledge and understanding, intellectual skills).
Content: Introduction to Â鶹´«Ã½ Methods: The research question Qualitative Â鶹´«Ã½ Methods Quantitative Â鶹´«Ã½ Methods (including a basic review of statistics) Pharmacy practice and health services research The relationship with evidence-based practice and critical appraisal - how research informs practice Ethical issues in research and ethics approval of research

PA50199: Allergen-mediated response & respiratory pharmacotherapy

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Allergen-mediated disorder (process and treatment);
* Respiratory disease (asthma; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); pneumonia);
* Inherited disease (Cystic Fibrosis including dietary supplements; nutrition; antibiotic use and transplantation);
* Medication delivery;
* Pharmacist assessment roles

PA50200: Mental health

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area.
Learning Objectives: By the end of this Unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* An introduction to good mental health (public health role, 'Health of the Nation', 'National Service Framework' etc);
* The affective disorders;
* Psychosis and associated disorders;
* Neurodegenerative disorders (dementias);
* Bipolar disorders and mania;
* Drug misuse and addiction

PA50201: Endocrinology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic are and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Pituitary disorders;
* Thyroid dysfunction;
* Diabetes;
* Genetic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism;
* Adrenal dysfunction.

PA50202: Neurology

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area.
Learning Objectives: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Parkinson's disease (diagnosis, early, mid and late treatment stages);
* Multiple Sclerosis & demyelinating disorders;
* Epilepsy;
* Behavioural problems in neurodegenerative disorders;
* Migraine and headaches.

PA50203: Musculoskeletal pharmacotherapy

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge.
Learning Objectives: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic are and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Rheumatoid arthritis related conditions;
* Osteoporosis;
* Osteomyelitis;
* Hyperuricaemia;
* Sporting Injuries & Spasticity.

PA50204: Pain

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To update underpinning pharmacology, physiology and pharmaceutical knowledge in this therapeutic area.
Learning Objectives: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
1. analyse the disease monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding);
2. explain the patient monitoring factors in this therapeutic area (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
3. critically evaluate the medicines management issues in this therapeutic area (intellectual skill);
4. assess the primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals/pharmacists in this therapeutic area (professional practical skill);
5. reflect on their own practice in this therapeutic area and identify areas for improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Management of acute pain;
* Management of chronic pain;
* Palliative care;
* Managing a pain clinic.

PA50205: Dependent & independent prescribing practice

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50206: Industrial option 1

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50207: Industrial option 2

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50208: Health education

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW60OR20OT20
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To consider the principles of health promotion and health education.
Learning objectives: On completing this unit the student will be able to:
1. Demonstrate a sound knowledge of approaches to health education (knowledge and understanding);
2. Describe and critically assess methods of research into risks to health (knowledge and understanding);
3. apply relevant research methodology in their chosen field (knowledge and understanding);
4. interpret and evaluate epidemiological data (intellectual skill);
5. engage with and critically assess relevant health education literature (intellectual skill);
6. design and implement strategies for changes in behaviour and life style (intellectual skill).
Content: Principles of health promotion. Â鶹´«Ã½ methods for assessing risks to health and the effects of health inequalities. Epidemiology. Approaches to health education and health promotion. Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse. Diet exercise and body weight. Groups at risk: infants and the aging population, pregnancy and adolescence. Low income groups. Health education and mental illness.

PA50209: IT & information systems

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50210: Management & human resources

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50211: Microbiology in pharmacy practice

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
No description available

PA50212: Clinical skills placement

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OR10OT40
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA50181 and take PA50182 and while taking this unit you must take R1-PA50212
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To provide a coherent clinical placement within either a hospital or community pharmacy setting, in order to develop clinical practice skills and to enable the student to complete the necessary clinical practice components of therapeutic modules.
Learning Objectives: By the end of the Unit the student will be able to:
1. Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the advanced practice-based pharmaceutical techniques applicable in the hospital or community contexts (including disease monitoring; patient monitoring; medicines management issues; primary and secondary care roles for healthcare professionals (knowledge and understanding; programme level learning outcome 2);
2. Demonstrate high level communication skills through the development of effective working relationships with both patient groups and other health professionals (professional practice skill, programme level learning outcome 5);
3. Prepare and present information on complex pharmaceutical issues to a variety of client groups (Personal Transferable Skill, programme level learning outcome 8);
4. Reflect on their own practice in a range of therapeutic areas and identify areas for improvement (Professional Practical Skill, programme level learning outcome 5).
Content: Clinical placement in a hospital or community pharmacy to observe, and contribute to pharmaceutical practice. The precise content will vary depending on the therapeutic areas being covered in the placement and in discussion with the Programme Director.

PA50213: Dissertation

Credits: 30
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: DS100
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives:
Aim: To enable students to conduct a piece of independent research and to present their findings as a dissertation.
Learning Objectives: After completion of the dissertation the student will be able to:
1. Design a piece of independent study (Knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
2. Follow the process for obtaining ethical approval for research work (professional practical skill);
3. Collect data using appropriate tools and methodologies (knowledge and understanding);
4. Critically analyse data and draw appropriate conclusions/recommendations from these data (intellectual skill);
5. Critically evaluate the literature associated with a given research topic (intellectual skill);
6. Present information in an appropriate format. (personal transferable skill).
Content: The student will undertake a piece of work which will entail the following stages:
* Project Design;
* Ethics Committee Approval;
* Instrument/experimental design and piloting;
* Data Collection;
* Data Analysis;
* Preparation of Conclusions;
* Presentation of completed dissertation.

PA50215: Practice-based learning and teaching for health professionals

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW80OR20
Requisites:
Aims: To develop a range of learning and teaching skills for health professionals.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
1. Describe a range of learning theories, approaches to learning and learning styles and evaluate their impact on individual student learning (knowledge and understanding, intellectual skills) (taught facilitated and assessed).
2. Critically evaluate a range of teaching styles and methods to embed student learning and make judgements about the use of these teaching styles in different learning contexts (professional practical skills, knowledge and understanding, intellectual skills) (taught, facilitated and assessed).
3. Outline the issues in the organisation and delivery of work based learning (knowledge and understanding) (taught, facilitated and assessed).
4. Critically evaluate methods and techniques for supporting learners (intellectual skills, knowledge and understanding, professional practical skills) (taught, facilitated and assessed).
5. Discuss a range of assessment techniques appropriate for testing practice based learning and identify issues in marking and giving feedback (knowledge and understanding) (taught and assessed).
6. Evaluate a range of evaluation techniques used in assessing the quality and appropriateness of the teaching and/or learning (professional practical skill, knowledge and understanding) (taught, facilitated and assessed).
7. Reflect on their own practice as supporters of learning (professional practical skill, personal and key skill) (facilitated and assessed).
Skills: These skills are classified according to learning outcome in the section above.
* Knowledge and understanding.
* Intellectual skills.
* Professional practical skills.
* Personal and Key skills (specifically presentation skills and reflection on practice).
Content:
* How people learn.
* How people teach.
* Planning and designing learning.
* Work based learning - organisation and delivery.
* Supporting learners.
* Assessing, marking and giving feedback.
* Evaluating teaching and learning.
* Reflective practice in teaching and learning.

PA50216: Medicines management in general practice

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW80OR20
Requisites:

Aims: This six-credit unit aims to provide a broad overview of the medicines management service in primary care and to outline the key processes involved at the practice level and teh role and responsibility of the Pharmaceutical Adviser.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
* Describe and evaluate the role of the medicines management in primary care (assessed by formative tasks within the study guide).
* Describe, map and critically evaluate (or audit) the processes a PCT must have in place to manage medicines effectively (assessed summatively as part of the rinal coursework submitted for this unit, e.g. using the PDSA tool).
* Identify and critically evaluate the key influences on prescribing decisions (assessed by formative tasks within the study guide).
* Define and assess the role of the pharmaceutical adviser in the primary care team (assessed by formative tasks within the study guide).
* Demonstrate high level communication skills through the development of effective working relationships with both patient/client groups and other health professionals in the primary care context and through presenting the findings of work-based projects to fellow students and other primary care colleagues (assessed summatively by making a presentation at the face to face workshop).
* Locate, critically evaluate and utilise evidence from published sources (evidence-based practice) to influence prescribing decisions (assessed summatively as part of the final coursework for this unit).
* Demonstrate a critically reflective approach to continuing professional development in medicines management practice.
Skills:
* Presentation and communication skills - oral presentation of case and report for coursework assignment (to demonstrate ability to influence other members of the primary care team).
* Intellectual skills - identify appropriate sources of evidence and interpret this for use in practice.
* Professional Practice skills - able to critically reflect on practice.
Content:
* Introduction to Medicines Mangement in Primary Care;
* The process of medicines management:
- The consultation;
- Medication choice;
- Supply of medicine;
- Medication review;
* Influences on prescribing decisions:
- The team, industry, new drugs, key agencies, care pathways, frameworks, ethics, etc.
* The role of the medicines mangement team:
- Analysing prescribing data, prescribing indicators, sources of evaluated information, GP information systems, communication.


PA50217: Medicines management in the NHS

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment:
Requisites:
Aims: This unit aims to provide a broad overview of the medicines management service in primary care and to outline the key processes involved at the NHS organisational level.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
* Describe and critically discuss the structure and organisation of the NHS.
* Outline the functions of the PCT and critically evaluate its role in fulfilling it's functions related to MM.
* Assess the role of agencies, for example the NPSA, Modernisation Agency, PPA, NICE, NPC, etc in medicines management.
* Demonstrate high level communication skills through the development of effective working relationships with both patient/client groups and other health professionals in the primary care context.
* Prepare and present information on complex contemporary pharmaceutical issues to a variety of primary care client groups.
* Reflect on and have the ability to manage the implications of ethical dilemmas and legal issues, and to work proactively with others to formulate solutions in this context.
* Demonstrate a critically reflective approach to continuing professional development in medicines management practice.
Skills:
* Presentation and communication skills - oral presentation of case and report for coursework assignment (to demonstrate ability to influence other members of the primary care team).
* Intellectual skills - identify appropriate sources of evidence and interpret this for use in practice.
* Professional Practical skills - able to critically reflect on practice.
Content:
* Structure, function, processes and operation of the NHS;
* Organisation of PCTs, Trusts, and the role of the PEC;
* Management of change;
* Statutory functions:
- Commissioning;
- Primary care contractors;
- Risk management;
* NHS plan;
* Special Health Authorities;
* Clinical Governance, quality management and modernisation;
* Finance and budgets;
* Ethical considerations in PCTs;
* Legal issues in PCTs.

PA50218: Prescribing in context

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims: The aim of this unit is to update underpinning knowledge about prescribing in the context of legal, professional and ethical frameworks.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
1. Develop and effective relationship with the Independent Prescriber; patient and wider care team.
2. Demonstrate how they will prescribe safely, appropriately, clinically and cost effectively.
3. Identify sources of information, advices and decision support and explain how they will use them in prescribing practice taking into account evidence based practice and national/local guidelines.
4. Recognise, critially evaluate and respond to influences on prescribing practice at individual, local and national levels.
5. Develop and document a clinical management plan within the context of a prescribing partnership.
6. Evaluate and assess the legal and professional framework for accountability and responsibility in relation to supplementary prescribing.
7. Demonstrate a critically reflective approach to continuing professional development in prescribing practice.
Skills: On completion of this unit the student will be able to:
* Analyse the local guidance on patient consent and confidentiality in relation to national guidance (knowledge and understanding);
* Explain the underpinning ethical issues involved in the use of unlicensed medicines in your specialist area of prescribing (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
* Critically evaluate the influential sources of medicines and prescribing information in your specialist area (intellectual skill);
* Assess the role of each member of the healthcare team involved in prescribing for an individual patient (professional practical skill);
* Reflect on your own practice as a student in supplemntary prescribing and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill);
* Present findings on specific patient conditions and recommend appropriate prescribing regimens (key skill - presentations).
Content:
1. The Legal Framework for Prescribing.
2. The Clinical Management Plan.
3. Ethical Aspects of Prescribing.
4. Licensed and Unlicensed Use of Medicines.
5. Professionalism.
6. Prescribing in General.
7. Patient Aspects of Prescribing.
8. Prescribing and the Healthcare Team.

PA50219: Consultation skills for prescribing

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA50218
Aims: The aim of this unit is to develop knowledge and competence in undertaking a clinical examination of the patient, which will include: the relevant physical examination skills, and communication and negotiation skills.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
1. Develop and maintain an effective relationship with the Independent Prescriber, patient and wider care team.
2. Communicate and consult effectively with patients and carers.
3. Conduct a relevant physical examination of patients with those conditions for which they may prescribe.
4. Monitor response to therapy and modify treatment or refer the patient as appropriate.
5. Critically assess patients' needs for medicines, taking account of their wishes and values in prescribing decisions.
6. Describe the actions key to prescribing safely, appropriately, clinically and cost effectively.
7. Identify and critically evaluate sources of information, advice and decision support and explain how they will use them in prescribing practice taking into account evidence based practice and national/local guidelines.
8. Identify, evaluate and respond to influences on prescribing practice at individual, local and national levels.
9. Develop and document a clinical management plan within the context of a prescribing partnership and critically assess their own performance in its preparation.
10. Demonstrate a critically reflective approach to continuing professional development of prescribing practice.
Skills: On completion of this unit the student will be able to:
* Analyse the differences in approches to patient examination techniques (knowledge and understanding);
* Explain the effect that personal, patient and national influences may have on prescribing (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill);
* Critically evaluate the use of a national guideline in the context of a Clinical Management Plan (intellectual skill);
* Assess the role of prescribing audit tools in maintaining competency and cost efficacy in prescribing (professional practical skill);
* Reflect on their own practice in prescribing within the context of a Clinical Management Plan and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill);
* Present findings on specific patient conditions and recommend appropriate prescribing regimens (key skill - presentations).
Content:
1. Communication Skills;
2. Psychology of Prescribing;
3. The Clinical Management Plan;
4. Consultation Skills;
5. Physical Examination Skills;
6. Treatment Choices;
7. Patient Monitoring;
8. Therapeutic Outcome Monitoring.

PA50220: Prescribing effectively

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW60EX10OT30
Requisites:
Before taking this unit you must take PA50218 and take PA50219
Aims: The aim of this unit is to update underpinning knowledge about prescribing safely, appropriately, clinically and cost effectively within the framework of the Clinical Management Plan (CMP) any local and national guidelines.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of the unit the student will be able to:
1. Develop and maintain an effective relationship with the Independent Prescriber; patient and wider care team.
2. Monitor response to therapy and modify treatment or refer the patient as appropriate.
3. Practice professionaly such that they prescribe safely, appropriately, clinically and cost effectively.
4. Identify and critically evaluate sources of information, advice and deision support and explain how they will use them in prescribing practice taking into account evidence based practice and national/local guidelines.
5. Locate, critically evaluate and respond to influences on prescribing practice individual, local and national levels.
6. Develop and document a clinical management plan within the context of a prescribing partnership and critically assess their own performance in its preparation.
7. Demonstrate a critically reflective approach to continuing professional development of prescribing practice.
Skills: On competion fo this unit the student will be able to:
* Analyse the difference in disease monitoring for different patient groups within their prescribing specialty (knowledge and understanding).
* Explain the benefit of an evidence-based approach to prescribing in terms of patient safety and clinical management plans (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill).
* Critically evaluate the use of a therapeutic calss of medicines in their area of prescribing (intellectual skill).
* Assess the role self-audit in maintaining th safety and efficacy of the process of supplementary prescribing (professional practical skill).
* Reflect on their own development as a supplementary prescriber and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
* Present findings on specific patient conditions and recommend appropriate prescribing regimens (key skill - presentations).
Content:
Chapter 1: Update on Practical Pharmacokinetics
Chapter 2: Update on Practica Pharmacodynamics
Chapter 3: Prescribing in Specialist Groups
Chapter 4: Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) and Evidence Based Practice (EBP) including use of the CASP tool
Chapter 5: Prescribing Guidelines
Chapter 6: Health Economics in Prescribing
Chapter 7: Risk Management & Audit
Chapter 8: Medication Errors.

PA50221: Prescribing for special groups

Credits: 6
Level: Masters
Modular: no specific semester
Assessment: CW50OT50
Requisites:
Aims & Learning Objectives: Aims: To develop knowledge and skills in prescribing and medicines management in special patient groups. Learning Objectives: By the end of this unit the student will be able to:
1. Analyse the differences in disease monitoring in these patient groups (knowledge and understanding)
2. Explain the effect that physiological changes have on the handling of medicines in these patient groups (knowledge and understanding, professional practical skill)
3. Critically evaluate the medicines management issues in each of these patient groups (Intellectual skill)
4. Assess the role of the healthcare professional/pharmacist in the prescribing and monitoring of medication in these patient groups (professional practical skill)
5. Reflect on their own practice in prescribing and medicines management issues in these patient groups and identify areas for continuous improvement (personal transferable skill).
Content:
* Introduction to legal guidance in prescribing;
* Introduction to ethical and professional regulations in prescribing;
* Prescribing in paediatrics;
* Prescribing in patients with renal disease;
* Prescribing in patients on Intensive Care;
* Prescribing in elderly patients;
* Prescribing in mental health;
* Administration of medicines;
* Multi-disciplinary team working, problem solving and reflective practice.

 

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